Name: 
 

Chapter 12: The Rise of Cities and Civilization



True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
 

 1. 

Civilization was only introduced by the Spanish in the 16th century in Mesoamerica and Peru.
 

 2. 

Michael Spence at the University of Western Ontario believes that Teotihuacán had heavy-handed absolute control over the obsidian industry in the Valley of Mexico.
 

 3. 

All civilizations are governed by centrally organized political systems.
 

 4. 

The independence of goods and services is what makes a wide range of products available to people, such as fresh Prince Edward Island lobster in Vancouver.
 

 5. 

The Moche Kingdom flourished in Central Mexico.
 

 6. 

The extensive trading done among the Indians of northeastern America supports the theory that trade was a decisive factor in the development of civilizations.
 

 7. 

Tikal was one of the largest Aztec cities, reaching a size of over 100,000 inhabitants.
 

 8. 

Augustine Mound, in New Brunswick contains evidence that points to the spread of influences and possibly people from the Adena culture in Ohio.
 

 9. 

Civilization as we define it flourished in Pre-Contact Canada.
 

 10. 

The ‘Developed Northwest Coast Pattern’ as observed by archaeologists in British Columbia indicates that complex societies did exist in Canada, even though they don’t fit the label of civilization.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 

The ‘Developed North West Coast’ pattern in Canada ________________.
a.
developed in the absence of agriculture.
b.
is recognized by its villages of large planked houses.
c.
indicates hundreds of people lived together for months at a time.
d.
does not have rigidly defined social classes apart from slaves and non-slaves.
e.
all of these choices.
 

 2. 

The earliest civilizations occurred:
a.
with the development of industrial technology.
b.
in food foraging communities during the Mesolithic.
c.
none of these choices
d.
in Neolithic villages of no more than 400 people.
e.
in preindustrial cities with large populations.
 

 3. 

The research of Louise Paradis from the University of Montreal has focused on _______________.
a.
learning about lapidary traditions and industry.
b.
documenting the presence of Olmec styled artifacts in Mezcala.
c.
performing a regional study of the pre-Hispanic population of the Mezcala region.
d.
understanding how the Mezcala region interacted with the rest of Mesoamerica.
e.
all of these choices.
 

 4. 

The world's first civilization developed in about 5,000 years ago in:.
a.
the Indus Valley
b.
Egypt
c.
Mesoamerica
d.
China
e.
Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq)
 

 5. 

The Mayan city of Tikal may have played an important role as
a.
a university center for astronomers and mathematicians.
b.
the first industrial center for the production of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
c.
an important stop on an overland trade route between two rivers.
d.
the capital of Peru.
e.
the place where swords were manufactured to fight the Aztecs.
 

 6. 

The Mayan city of Tikal was governed by
a.
a hereditary ruling dynasty.
b.
an egalitarian council of women.
c.
elected senators.
d.
craft guilds.
e.
a council of elders based on kinship.
 

 7. 

The work of Canadian researchers such as David Pendergast, Elizabeth Graham and Christine White have found that the change in emphasis on corn in the diet of the people at Lamanai likely corresponds to ________________.
a.
a change in the environment.
b.
contact with Europeans.
c.
a shift in political alliance.
d.
all of these choices.
e.
none of these choices.
 

 8. 

High crop yields can promote innovation because
a.
more food allows some people to specialize and become experts in nonagricultural activities.
b.
more food frees people to become involved with trade for new items.
c.
more protein is available so the brain works more efficiently.
d.
people may come to believe that ideas grow just like plants grow.
e.
more food supports more people, some of whom might be creative.
 

 9. 

The Aztecs and Mayans did not experience the same kind of Bronze Age that occurred in the Old World because
a.
they were peaceful, and did not need the bronze for weapons because they had eliminated warfare.
b.
they did not have the raw materials to make bronze.
c.
they used obsidian instead of metal.
d.
the civilizations of the Old World were more creative than the civilizations of the New World.
e.
they were less innovative.
 

 10. 

Evidence that the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa had centralized governments
a.
comes from eyewitness accounts of the cities written by early travelers.
b.
is revealed by the relocation of people from the Basin of Mexico.
c.
comes from 13th century Tang dynasty court records.
d.
appears in the layout of the cities, which shows definite signs of city planning.
e.
is supported by their extensive use of stone and metal construction in their pyramids.
 

 11. 

By 5,100 years ago, in _______, a method of writing was developed that used wedge-shaped marks to stand for words. Because most words in this language were monosyllabic, the markings eventually came to stand for syllables.
a.
France
b.
Mesoamerica
c.
Mesopotamia
d.
China
e.
India
 

 12. 

Christine White at the University of Western Ontario has demonstrated that the first Maya settlers at Lamanai were dependent on ____________________ for food.
a.
waterfowl
b.
corn
c.
deer
d.
conch
e.
beans
 

 13. 

The earliest governments had
a.
a king at the head, aided by special advisers.
b.
a court system rather than public opinion.
c.
formally established laws rather than informal custom.
d.
all of these choices
e.
none of these choices
 

 14. 

In what ways could a burial indicate to you that the society in which the dead person once lived was socially stratified?
a.
Placement of the body in a fetal position.
b.
Utensils, figurines, and personal possessions placed with the body.
c.
The grave being lined with the pollen of flowers.
d.
Skeletal evidence indicating that the person was better nourished than bodies found in other graves at the site.
e.
The head detached and placed at the foot of the grave.
 

 15. 

The findings and analysis of the excavations in the Jequetepeque Valley and the Moche Priestess indicate the Sacrifice Ceremony
a.
had slaves who were used for ritual sacrifice, and then carefully prepared for mummification.
b.
was part of a state religion, with a priesthood in each part of the kingdom.
c.
was socially stratified and supported the emerging ideas of representative governance that the Moche developed.
d.
had an egalitarian social organization in which all persons in Moche society had an equal opportunity to participate.
e.
was ruled over by a tyrant.
 

 16. 

According to Karl Wittfogel, civilization emerged because of the need for centralized authority to plan, build, and maintain
a.
irrigation systems.
b.
social classes.
c.
cemeteries.
d.
large monuments.
e.
marriage systems.
 

 17. 

The evidence refuting Wittfogel's hydraulic theory suggests that
a.
civilization could not exist without irrigation systems.
b.
the need to plan, develop, and maintain complex irrigation systems resulted in the emergence of a centralized authority.
c.
irrigation systems were directly responsible for the emergence of civilization.
d.
complex irrigation systems probably resulted from rather than being a cause of civilization.
e.
only small-scale, locally controlled irrigation systems give rise to civilization.
 

 18. 

European descriptions of other civilizations are problematic because
a.
they reflect the self-interests of the observers or their sponsors.
b.
explorers and missionaries did not always understand what they saw and they reflect the self-interests of the observers or their sponsors.
c.
written documents are never reliable.
d.
explorers and missionaries did not always understand what they saw.
e.
all of these choices
 

 19. 

In arguing for trade as a decisive factor in the development of civilization, some anthropologists hold that in regions of ecological diversity,
a.
diversification of labour and social equality are at their apex.
b.
large scale irrigation projects are not feasible.
c.
there is a push for single-crop agriculture.
d.
trade mechanisms are necessary to procure scarce resources.
e.
none of these choices
 

 20. 

According to Robert Carneiro, when a population is hemmed in by such things as mountains, seas, or other human populations,
a.
an elite is likely to emerge that controls access to resources.
b.
this results in the development of social stratification.
c.
its members must compete for scarce resources.
d.
all of these choices
e.
it is prevented from expanding.
 

 21. 

Which of the following SUPPORTS the theory that beliefs and values are just as important as ecological relationships in contributing to the emergence of civilization?
a.
The uncertainties of agriculture in Mesoamerica led to the establishment of Tikal as a religious center in which priests tried to cope with these uncertainties.
b.
The strong artistic abilities of the Mayans led to the early development of writing in the form of pictographs and ideograms.
c.
all of these choices
d.
Located between two rivers, Tikal developed as an important center in a system of trade.
e.
As Tikal switched from slash-and-burn to raised fields and cultivated trees, it could support a larger, denser population.
 

 22. 

Where would diseases like influenza, tuberculosis, or the Ebola virus have their best chance of spreading from host-to-host, and continue to reappear from time-to-time?
a.
a space colony in which everyone is separated by a disease-resistant bubble-suit
b.
a logging camp in Canada composed of 100 workers who work outside all day and then live in dispersed cabins
c.
a food foraging band of 25 to 40 people
d.
an urban environment
e.
a farming community of scattered households
 

 23. 

The_________ on the emergence of civilization recognizes the systemic nature of society and the impact of the environment in shaping social and cultural behaviour, but recognizes that forceful leaders in any society strive to advance their material or political positions through self-serving actions.
a.
functional theory
b.
trade networks theory
c.
action theory
d.
environmental and social circumscription theory
e.
hydraulic theory
 

 24. 

With respect to Tikal, which of these statements is INCORRECT?
a.
Tikal was a major trade centre.
b.
Tikal is located in the Jequetepeque Valley.
c.
Tikal contains many palaces, tombs and houses.
d.
Tikal’s ‘epicentre’ is the Great Plaza.
e.
All of these choices are correct.
 

 25. 

In the Maya, it was the combination of cultural and ecological factors in existence that opened the way for the emergence of ___________________.
a.
political dynasties
b.
a more democratic system
c.
a bureaucracy
d.
an egalitarian system
e.
religious hierarchies
 

Matching
 
 
Match the person or site with its significance.
a.
law code
b.
circumscription theory
c.
hydraulic theory
d.
role of religion in rise of civilization
e.
cuneiform writing
 

 1. 

Wittfogel
 

 2. 

Hammurabi
 

 3. 

Sumer
 

 4. 

Tikal
 

 5. 

Carneiro
 
 
Match the person or site with its significance.
a.
importance of corn in the diet at Lamanai
b.
examined obsidian trade in Teotihuacán
c.
full-time trade centre
d.
Augustine mound in New Brunswick
e.
the power of centralized government
 

 6. 

Great Wall of China
 

 7. 

Chris Turnbull
 

 8. 

Tikal
 

 9. 

Christine White
 

 10. 

Michael Spence
 



 
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