Name: 
 

Chapter 4: Monkeys, Apes and Humans: The Modern Primates


True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
 

 1. 
The clavicle, or collarbone, increases manoeuvrability in primates by permitting the arms to swing sideways and outward from the trunk of the body.
 

 2. 
The Canadian who is at the forefront of orangutan research is Linda Fedigan.
 

 3. 
A Canadian primatologist discovered that monkeys can pretend, commit deception, and are self-aware.
 

 4. 
Gorillas live in the largest groups with the most clear-cut dominance hierarchy.
 

 5. 
Tool use is a clear dividing line between humans and other primates.
 

 6. 
Linda Fedigan’s work with primates often involves the question of gender.
 

 7. 
The position of the foramen magnum is related to the degree of erectness of the habitual stance of the organism.
 

 8. 
Many Old World monkeys have prehensile tails.
 

 9. 
Linda Fedigan, Biruté Galdikas, and Anne Zeller are not only known for their research, but also for their primate conservation efforts.
 

 10. 
Canine teeth are used for tearing and shredding food, as well as for defence.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
The primate order
a.
all of these choices.
b.
includes animals whose teeth are specialized.
c.
none of these choices.
d.
includes animals whose skeletons are more simple than that of most reptiles.
e.
is one of several mammalian orders.
 

 2. 
The word "arboreal" means
a.
preferring to live in caves.
b.
living on the savanna.
c.
having the characteristics of arbs.
d.
living in trees.
e.
marine-dwelling.
 

 3. 
Biruté Galdikas’s work has encompassed:
a.
the development of conservation programs to save chimpanzees.
b.
the study of orangutan subsistence, sociality, reproduction and tool use.
c.
the study of orangutans in zoos.
d.
analysis of how female reproduction is affected by life history variables.
e.
all of these choices.
 

 4. 
Primate characteristics are thought to have evolved in a/an
a.
arboreal environment.
b.
terrestrial environment.
c.
food-gathering context involving the nests of birds on the ground.
d.
context in which manipulative hands and good vision would have enabled primates to catch a lot of insects.
e.
both arboreal environment and context in which manipulative hands and good vision would have enabled primates to catch a lot of insects.
 

 5. 
Canadian primatologists:
a.
are not very well-known.
b.
are all women.
c.
have worked with monkeys and great apes.
d.
only are interested in modern primate species.
e.
none of these choices.
 

 6. 
The teeth of primates are
a.
less specialized in comparison with other mammals.
b.
all premolars.
c.
all canines.
d.
more specialized in comparison with other mammals.
e.
larger in number than the primate ancestor from which they evolved.
 

 7. 
Most humans today have a total of _______ teeth.
a.
44
b.
8
c.
29
d.
32
e.
21
 

 8. 
The type of teeth that humans have may be described as follows for one side of the jaw (or one fourth of the total number of teeth): two _______, one _______, two _______, and three _______.
a.
premolars/incisor/molars/canines
b.
molars/incisor/canines/premolars
c.
incisors/molar/premolars/canines
d.
incisors/canine/premolars/molars
e.
canines/premolar/incisors/molars
 

 9. 
The flexible, unspecialized primate hand was especially important in human evolution because it
a.
enabled early humans to manufacture and use tools.
b.
enabled early humans to brachiate.
c.
led to an increase in the size of the pentadactyl.
d.
enabled humans to increase the size of the cerebellum.
e.
enabled humans to be arboreal.
 

 10. 
The most helpless infant at birth would be the offspring of a/an
a.
lemur.
b.
ape.
c.
gazelle.
d.
monkey.
e.
human.
 

 11. 
The Orangutan Foundation International was established by what Canadian?
a.
Jane Goodall
b.
Linda Fedigan
c.
Anne Zeller
d.
Biruté Galdikas
e.
Dian Fossey
 

 12. 
Based on a comparison of blood proteins, the nonhuman primate to which humans are most closely related is the
a.
baboon.
b.
chimpanzee.
c.
tarsier.
d.
lemur.
e.
orangutan.
 

 13. 
If we compare humans to other primates, which of the following statements is correct?
a.
Humans and chimpanzees share 45% of the same genes.
b.
Humans are more closely related to the orangutan than to the gorilla.
c.
The primates to whom humans are most distantly related is the chimpanzee.
d.
Humans are more closely related to the New World monkeys than to the Old World monkeys.
e.
The primates to whom humans are most distantly related are the strepsirhines.
 

 14. 
What are the consequences of primates having a fovea centralis?
a.
Primates can focus clearly on an object.
b.
Primates are more likely to have multiple rows of teeth.
c.
Primates have a more developed sense of touch.
d.
Primates can hear sounds from two directions.
e.
Primate brains have a higher reliance on smell.
 

 15. 
Tarsiers are
a.
distinctive for their large eyes, ears, and heads.
b.
are most active in the daytime.
c.
part of the lemuriformes suborder.
d.
are New World monkeys.
e.
are related most closely to the haplorhines.
 

 16. 
Anne Zeller at the University of Waterloo is known for __________________.
a.
discovering monkeys can ‘lie’ by redirecting attention and concealing resources.
b.
demonstrating that monkeys are self-aware.
c.
teaching apes American Sign Language.
d.
observing macaque communication shares many key properties with human language.
e.
all of these choices except for teaching apes American Sign Language.
 

 17. 
_________ is the home of the smallest of the apes living today.
a.
Southeast Asia and Malaya
b.
Australia
c.
South America
d.
Africa
e.
North America
 

 18. 
___________ is a characteristic of gorillas and chimpanzees.
a.
Brachiation
b.
Quadrupedalism
c.
Bipedalism
d.
Slithering
e.
Knuckle-walking
 

 19. 
Position of a chimpanzee in a dominance hierarchy is affected by
a.
all of these choices
b.
motivation.
c.
intelligence.
d.
physical strength and size.
e.
rank of the chimpanzee's mother.
 

 20. 
The ability to make and use tools is
a.
present among chimpanzees but is rarely a significant part of the behaviour of baboons and gorillas.
b.
a significant part of the behaviour of gorillas and orangutans.
c.
none of these choices
d.
a significant part of the behaviour of baboons.
e.
present only in humans.
 

 21. 
Which of the following primates has been observed hunting, killing, and eating small to medium-sized mammals?
a.
chimpanzees
b.
chimpanzees and bonobos
c.
rhesus monkeys
d.
gorillas
e.
bonobos
 

 22. 
__________ home ranges may overlap by as much as 65%.
a.
Chimpanzees'
b.
Bonobos'
c.
Siamangs'
d.
Gorillas'
e.
Tarsiers'
 

 23. 
Among bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas, both male and females are organized into _______________.
a.
blended coalitions
b.
counterbalanced associations
c.
egalitarian groups
d.
dominance hierarchies
e.
balanced alliances
 

 24. 
The __________ groups is typically a "family" of 5 to 20 individuals led by a mature, silver-backed male.
a.
gorilla
b.
chimpanzee
c.
bonobo
d.
macaque
e.
orangutan
 

 25. 
Linda Fedigan’s work on primates has included ___________________.
a.
discovering the human place in nature.
b.
researching why menopause has evolved in humans.
c.
compilation of primate life histories.
d.
studying how humans can maintain or restore the environment to save primate populations.
e.
all of these choices.
 

Matching
 
 
Match the primate with its characteristic.
a.
"small" ape
b.
adaptation to savanna
c.
knuckle-walking
d.
flat nose
e.
resemblance to rodents
 

 1. 

 Platyrrhine
 

 2. 

 gibbon
 

 3. 

 baboon
 

 4. 

 loris
 

 5. 

 gorilla
 
 
Match the Linnaean categories below with the name of the category to which humans belong.
a.
Hominidae
b.
Animals
c.
Primates
d.
Homo
e.
Chordata
 

 6. 

 Genus
 

 7. 

 Phylum
 

 8. 

 Kingdom
 

 9. 

 Family
 

 10. 

 Order
 



 
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