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Chapter 3: Biology and Evolution



True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
 

 1. 

Charles Darwin invented the chromosome theory.
 

 2. 

The Burgess Shale site in the Canadian Rockies tells us that evolution involves large-scale deletions followed by differentiation of surviving life forms.
 

 3. 

The HapMap project, led by Canadian researchers, aims to study variation in the human genome.
 

 4. 

You can always tell a person's genotype from their phenotype.
 

 5. 

The alleles for Type A blood and Type B blood show that genes always have a dominant-recessive relationship to each other.
 

 6. 

The death of 5 skiers in an avalanche in Canada will have less impact on the gene pool than if 5 food foragers from Australia die while hunting.
 

 7. 

Contact between Europeans and aboriginal peoples in Canada led to an increase in the range of phenotypic variation.
 

 8. 

Dominant traits are more important than recessive traits.
 

 9. 

Charles Darwin was not the only 19th century scholar of the who was thinking about evolution.
 

 10. 

Esteban Parra and his team of researchers at the University of Toronto discovered that a sex-biased gene flow from Europeans to African-Americans did not exist.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 

Anthropomorphism is
a.
the study of human kind in all times and all places.
b.
the ascription of human attributes to nonhuman beings.
c.
making new people via advanced cloning techniques.
d.
the systematic study of human remains.
e.
descent with modification.
 

 2. 

The __________________ in the Canadian Rockies contains the best record of       the time of the ‘Cambrian Explosion’.
a.
Canadian Shield
b.
Vertical fault line
c.
Burgess Shale
d.
Great Rift Valley
e.
none of these choices
 

 3. 

The process of cell division by which new body cells are produced is called
a.
mitosis.
b.
Natural selection.
c.
adaptation.
d.
convergent evolution.
e.
meiosis.
 

 4. 

When a chromosome pair has alleles where a single gene is identical, this pair is described as
a.
heterozygous.
b.
genotypic.
c.
an example of incomplete penetrance.
d.
homozygous.
e.
anthropomorphic.
 

 5. 

If one parent has type AB blood, and the other parent has type O blood, and the allele for A and B are co-dominant and both are dominant over O, which of the following statements is/are correct?
a.
all of these choices
b.
One parent's genotype is AB.
c.
One parent's genotype is OO.
d.
The genotype for the parent with type AB blood is heterozygous.
e.
The genotype for the parent with type O blood is homozygous.
 

 6. 

When a person receives a gene for Type A blood from his mother, and a gene for Type O blood from his father, and his phenotype is Type A blood, the gene for Type A blood can be described as
a.
a recessive allele.
b.
positive evolution.
c.
a dominant allele.
d.
adaptive.
e.
a genotype.
 

 7. 

An individual with a phenotype characterized by mostly normal red blood cells but with a few abnormal sickled cells
a.
illustrates the phenomenon of incomplete dominance of the allele for normal  hemoglobin.
b.
illustrates the operation of polygenes.
c.
has two alleles for normal hemoglobin that are co-dominant.
d.
both has a heterozygous genotype and illustrates the phenomenon of incomplete dominance of the allele for normal hemoglobin.
e.
has a heterozygous genotype.
 

 8. 

The _________ refers to the total number of genes and alleles available for recombination through interbreeding
a.
gene pool
b.
heterozygous community
c.
mutation
d.
homozygous community
e.
Hardy-Weinberg equation
 

 9. 

The Burgess Shale site was discovered in ________.
a.
1837
b.
1909
c.
1865
d.
1932
e.
1998
 

 10. 

A chemical alteration of a gene that produces a new allele is called a
a.
genotype.
b.
mutation.
c.
gene pool.
d.
genetic drift.
e.
meiosis.
 

 11. 

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
a.
demonstrates algebraically that the percentage of individuals that are homozygous for the dominant allele, homozygous for the recessive allele, and heterozygous should remain constant from one generation to the next, provided that certain conditions are met.
b.
describes an evolving population.
c.
explains the chance alterations of genes to produce new alleles.
d.
is a theoretical model of a population that is not evolving.
e.
all of these choices.
 

 12. 

The Canadian HapMap project aims to _______________.
a.
record haplorhine variation.
b.
look at single gene mutations.
c.
record the patterning of differences among individuals.
d.
map differences between primate species.
e.
none of these choices.
 

 13. 

Among the following factors, which is the ultimate source of new genes that are added to the gene pool?
a.
gene flow
b.
mutation
c.
natural selection
d.
random mating
e.
genetic drift
 

 14. 

In a village of 100 people, ten of these people have blue eyes and the rest have brown eyes. The people with blue eyes are all members of the same family. A storm kills a number of people, including all ten of these blue eyed people. The resulting changes in the gene pool (caused by the loss of their genes) is likely to be major because
a.
a gene for blue eyes would never be introduced into the gene pool through mutation.
b.
the people with brown eyes would be too sad to mate, and the gene pool would  disappear.
c.
people with blue eyes were preferred mates.
d.
all of these choices
e.
the population in which this accident occurred was so small.
 

 15. 

Natural selection
a.
means "survival of the fittest."
b.
refers to the ability of some individuals to breed.
c.
occurs when individuals possess certain genetically based traits that help them have more offspring, and thus contribute a larger share of genes to future gene pools.
d.
refers to the tendency for moral goodness to win out over moral badness in human societies.
e.
means the ability of some individuals to kill enemies and survive.
 

 16. 

The research done by Esteban Parra and his team at the University of Toronto which discovered a sex-biased gene flow from Europeans to African-Americans is of value from an anthropological perspective because:
a.
the female contribution was greater.
b.
anthropologists can now explore the social and political backgrounds of the patterns they discovered.
c.
they did not find maternal European contribution
d.
this work was not very useful from an anthropological perspective
e.
all of these choices
 

 17. 

The process by which a population becomes better adapted to its biological and social environment is
a.
mutation.
b.
adaptation.
c.
meiosis.
d.
gene flow.
e.
genetic drift.
 

 18. 

Select the best example of natural selection from the following:
a.
A young man works very hard at his studies, spends 10 years in graduate school, and goes to work for a company that sends him all over the world. He   meets presidents and kings and by the time he is 40, he is earning a million dollars a minute. He dies at the age of 49. He has been too busy being successful to get married and have a family.
b.
all of these choices
c.
In a population of fish, some have a very unusual mutation that enables them to get oxygen directly from the air as well as from water that runs over their gills. During a time of drought, these were the only fish able to survive, and their descendants possessed the same gene.
d.
Two nations go to war. After ten years, one side completely wipes out the other side. The radiation caused by their use of nuclear weapons makes everyone sterile so the victors are unable to have any children.
e.
none of these choices
 

 19. 

The Canadian-led project that aims to document variation in the human genome       is the _________________.
a.
Great Ape project.
b.
Human Genome project.
c.
Admixture project.
d.
HapMap project.
e.
none of these choices.
 

 20. 

The size of the human brain has not increased significantly for the last 100,000 years, and this is an example of:
a.
stabilizing selection.
b.
convergent evolution.
c.
directional selection.
d.
divergent evolution.
e.
isolating mechanism.
 

 21. 

Both birds and bats fly and have wings which are similar in structure. This is an example of
a.
a homology.
b.
gene flow.
c.
the Hardy-Weinberg Principle.
d.
an analogy.
e.
mitosis.
 

 22. 

A _______ is a population that is reproductively isolated from other populations.
a.
genotype
b.
species
c.
phenotype
d.
homozygous genotype
e.
heterozygous genotype
 

 23. 

In the original study "The Unsettling Nature of Variational Change," Gould illustrates the concept of variational change
a.
with an example of elephants in Siberia, some of which have more body hair and are able to adapt to climate changes as the ice approaches.
b.
through the observation that a very large number of random variables observed in nature possess a frequency distribution which is approximately a normal probability distribution.
c.
by discussing the dinosaurs' extinction some 65 million years ago.
d.
by explaining Darwinian theory as scientifically unproven and morally un acceptable.
e.
by discussing the ethical, legal, and social implications variational change has on the Human Genome Project.
 

 24. 

__________ is now widely perceived and appreciated as the organizing principle at all levels of life.
a.
Quantum physics
b.
Physics
c.
Natural selection
d.
Evolution
e.
Social organization
 

 25. 

______________ explains why certain alleles are able to mask the presence of other alleles.
a.
Polygenetic inheritance
b.
Genetic drift
c.
Mutation
d.
Law of dominance and recessiveness
e.
Adaptation
 

Matching
 
 
Match the term with the appropriate example.
a.
transformation of an old species to a new one
b.
chemical alteration of a gene that produces a new allele
c.
process of cell division by which new body cells are produced
d.
raw material for evolution is the unit of heredity
e.
total number of genes and alleles available for recombination
 

 1. 

population
 

 2. 

mitosis
 

 3. 

gene pool
 

 4. 

gene
 

 5. 

mutation
 
 
Match the person to the term, discovery, or project.
a.
the HapMap project
b.
evolution through natural selection
c.
survival of the fittest
d.
systematic documentation of biological inheritance using pea plants
e.
classification system of all living things
 

 6. 

Herbert Spencer
 

 7. 

Linnaeus
 

 8. 

Charles Darwin
 

 9. 

Tom Hudson
 

 10. 

Gregor Mendel
 



 
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