Name: 
 

Chapter 2: Methods of Studying the Human Past



True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
 

 1. 

Kwäday Dän Ts’inchi, the individual found in a glacier in British Columbia is likely female.
 

 2. 

Most archaeological sites are above ground and can easily be located.
 

 3. 

In Canada, archaeologists prefer to use the term ‘pre-contact’ instead of prehistoric when referring to peoples of the past.
 

 4. 

Radiocarbon dating is primarily used by paleoanthropologists; archaeologists typically find potassium-argon dating more useful.
 

 5. 

Amino acid racemization dating is a method performed on bone.
 

 6. 

The erosion of the banks of the Grand River in Ontario led to the discovery of the oldest pastoral site in Ontario.
 

 7. 

Fossils are found in sites while archaeological remains are found in localities.
 

 8. 

In Canada, construction projects that require government approval will not be authorized unless measures are taken to identify and protect archaeological remains that may be there.
 

 9. 

Woodwork, textiles, and basketry are destroyed in warm, tropical climates, so it is impossible to learn from them.
 

 10. 

Bogs such as those found in Labrador are a good place to find preserved clothing.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 

The main reason why paleoanthropologists need to know geology is because:
a.
they need to use pickaxes and other tools to remove fossils.
b.
a fossil is of little value unless its temporal place in the sequence of rocks that contain it be determined.
c.
fossils are rocks.
d.
all of these choices.
e.
none of these choices.
 

 2. 

A material object that shows signs of having been made or altered by humans is called a/an
a.
abstract ideal.
b.
paleoanthropologist.
c.
relic collector.
d.
fossil.
e.
artifact.
 

 3. 

Most fossils have been altered; their organic molecules have been replaced by
a.
metal.
b.
water.
c.
calcium carbonate.
d.
ice.
e.
DNA.
 

 4. 

Mammoths frozen in ice, insects in Baltic amber, or mummified remains in peat, oil, or asphalt bogs are all examples of
a.
unaltered artifacts.
b.
artifacts.
c.
altered fossils.
d.
unaltered fossils.
e.
commonly found fossils.
 

 5. 

Archaeologists _______________.
a.
can take as long as they want to excavate sites.
b.
can pick the type of information they wish to record.
c.
record all aspects of a site.
d.
don’t need to describe the exact location of every artifact or bone recovered.
e.
none of these choices.
 

 6. 

Evidence of temporary hunting camps or permanent villages are called archaeological ____________.
a.
fossils.
b.
datum points.
c.
grid systems.
d.
sites.
e.
fossil localities.
 

 7. 

Archaeological surveys in Canada are routinely carried out _______________.
a.
as part of municipal planning.
b.
as part of provincial planning.
c.
as part of federal planning.
d.
only if human remains are discovered.
e.
all of these choices except only if human remains are discovered.
 

 8. 

In South Africa, human remains have been found in rock fissures. These remains were dropped there by predators, like leopards or eagles, and there they fossilized. Such localities are referred to as
a.
rubbish dumps for contemporary humans.
b.
temporary human hunting campsites.
c.
kill sites where humans butchered game.
d.
fossil localities.
e.
archaeological sites.
 

 9. 

Which of the following techniques have been used to locate archaeological sites?
a.
photographs taken from satellites in space
b.
all of these techniques have been used
c.
consulting documents, maps, and folklore
d.
observation of different patterns of vegetation growth
e.
observation of stains in the soil that indicate the presence of a buried site
 

 10. 

In archaeology, _____________ is everything.
a.
an artifact
b.
context
c.
laboratory work
d.
preservation
e.
time
 

 11. 

A system for recording the excavation of artifacts in which the excavation area is divided into squares and the contents of each square are carefully recorded is called
a.
a grid system.
b.
flotation.
c.
a datum point.
d.
paleoanthropology.
e.
stratification.
 

 12. 

The Vermillion Lake site in Canada was found when ________________.
a.
a farmer ploughed his field and turned up artifacts.
b.
the Trans-Canada highway was widened in Banff.
c.
a survey for a new housing development was performed.
d.
a cow fell down a cave shaft.
e.
none of these choices.
 

 13. 

What is the purpose of a grid system?
a.
To record the precise location of an object.
b.
To recover small objects immersed in water.
c.
To fence-out wayward animals.
d.
To reconstruct the past through the excavation of soil.
e.
To tell relic collectors where to find artifacts to sell to private collectors.
 

 14. 

The goal of an archaeological excavation is _________________.
a.
to salvage archaeological and fossil material
b.
to find lots of artifacts
c.
to shed light on the human past and help us understand cultural and evolutionary processed in general.
d.
all of these choices
e.
none of these choices
 

 15. 

Analysis of human skeletal remains
a.
tells us about the history of climate variation.
b.
have become more difficult to carry out.
c.
provides important insights into peoples' diets and have become more difficult to carry out.
d.
all of these choices.
e.
provides important insights into peoples' diets.
 

 16. 

Archaeologists get clues about how an artifact was used by
a.
removing it from its context to look at it without interference from misleading clues.
b.
dissolving it with chemicals.
c.
coating it with latex.
d.
analyzing its shape and signs of wear and tear.
e.
cutting it into pieces and looking at it under the microscope.
 

 17. 

Which of the following is an example of relative dating?
a.
fluorine testing
b.
potassium-argon analysis
c.
dendrochronology
d.
electron spin resonance
e.
radiocarbon analysis
 

 18. 

In an archaeological site in which there are several clearly distinguishable layers of earth, you find a piece of finely glazed china in the fifth (lowest) layer and a piece of unglazed pottery in the first (highest) layer. You assume that the unglazed pottery was made more recently than the finely glazed pottery. In making such an assumption you are using the method of
a.
dendrochronology.
b.
potassium-argon analysis.
c.
palynology.
d.
stratigraphy.
e.
fluorine analysis.
 

 19. 

The use of tree rings to assign chronometric dates is called
a.
dendrochronology.
b.
matrix analysis.
c.
stratigraphy.
d.
potassium-argon analysis.
e.
palynology.
 

 20. 

The half-life of radioactive potassium is
a.
1.3 million years.
b.
useful for measuring the age of things as old as 70,000 years.
c.
both 1.3 million years and useful for measuring things millions and billions of years old
d.
useful for measuring things millions and billions of years old.
e.
5,730 years.
 

 21. 

"Kwäday Dän Ts’inchi," means __________ in the Southern Tsutchone language.
a.
brave warrior
b.
long ago person found
c.
great discovery
d.
whisper from the ice
e.
little one lost
 

 22. 

What evidence clearly indicated the presence of pre-contact archaeological sites at Wanuskewin Heritage Park outside Saskatoon?
a.
tipi rings
b.
projectile point artifacts
c.
medicine wheel features
d.
large mounds
e.
all of these choices except for large mounds
 

 23. 

_______________ have been used with the amino acid racemization technique to date sites in the middle parts of the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) in Africa and the Middle East.
a.
rock art sites
b.
goat bones
c.
ostrich egg shells
d.
ceramic sherds
e.
charcoal
 

 24. 

The scientific team mentioned in the article " Kwäday Dän Ts’inchi," determined by radiocarbon dating that the boy died about __________.
a.
5200 A.D.
b.
1400 A.D.
c.
20,000 B.C.
d.
1200 B.P.
e.
1 million B.C.
 

 25. 

Laboratory tests and analysis of the frozen body in the original study "Kwäday Dän Ts’inchi" will not contribute which of the following kinds of information?
a.
political ideology.
b.
religious beliefs.
c.
paleodiet
d.
information on how aboriginal peoples traveled across glaciers
e.
political ideology and religious beliefs
 

Matching
 
 
Match the technique.
a.
volcanic ash
b.
wood
c.
organic remains
d.
bone
e.
pollen
 

 1. 

dendrochronology
 

 2. 

potassium-argon analysis
 

 3. 

palynology
 

 4. 

radiocarbon dating
 

 5. 

fluorine test
 
 
Match the term with the appropriate example.
a.
mammoth frozen in a Siberian glacier
b.
rock fissure in South Africa
c.
maps and folklore
d.
storage pit
e.
stone tool
 

 6. 

ethnohistorical data
 

 7. 

artifact
 

 8. 

feature
 

 9. 

fossil locality
 

 10. 

unaltered fossil
 



 
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