Chapter 1: The Nature of Anthropology Chapter 2: Methods of Studying the Human Past Chapter 3:. Biology and Evolution Chapter 4: Monkeys, Apes and Humans: The Modern Primates Chapter 5: Fossil Primates Chapter 6: The Earliest Hominines Chapter 7: Homo habilis and Cultural Origins Chapter 8: Homo erectus and the Emergence of Hunting and Gathering Chapter 9: Archaic Homo sapiens and the Middle Paleolithic Chapter 10: Homo sapiens and the Upper Paleolithic Chapter 11: Cultivation and Domestication Chapter 12: The Rise of Cities and Civilization Chapter 13: Modern Human Diversity